The lights of memory can flicker and dim at any time in the lives of older people, creating a diffuse spectrum that many experts call confusional syndrome.
That is why in this article, we delve into this topic, exploring its symptoms, causes, treatment and the importance of not confusing it with cognitive impairment or dementia.
What is confusional syndrome?
Confusional syndrome is an alteration in a person’s consciousness and cognitive ability. This means that there can be significant changes in the way a person thinks, behaves and perceives the world.
Generally, it occurs abruptly and its duration is short, although it can last over time. It is more common in older people, but it can affect any age group.
Main symptoms of confusional syndrome
The symptoms of confusional syndrome are quite broad and can vary from one person to another. Here we present some of the most frequent:
Level of consciousness
The first sign of a confusional syndrome is a change in the person’s level of consciousness. This can manifest as difficulty concentrating, a feeling of being lost or disconnected from reality.
Cognitive alterations
Confusional syndrome is also characterized by cognitive alterations. Patients may experience difficulties with memory, especially short-term, and may have trouble following conversations or performing complex tasks.
Mood alterations
People with confusional syndrome may experience abrupt and extreme changes in their mood. This can range from apathy to anxiety and fear, or even ecstasy.
Behavioral changes
Changes in behavior are another common sign. They can be as subtle as small variations in daily routines, or as serious as disinhibited or erratic behavior.
Sleep Disturbances
Finally, sleep disturbances are another characteristic symptom. People may have difficulty sleeping, experience vivid dreams, or become drowsy during the day.
Causes and risk factors
There are several causes and risk factors that can contribute to the development of this syndrome.
- Advanced age: Confusional syndrome is more common in older people, especially those over 65 years of age. This is because as we age, our brains can become more vulnerable to disorders and diseases.
- Medical diseases: Many medical conditions can trigger confusional syndrome. Some of them include serious infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections or sepsis, heart disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, liver disease, kidney failure, electrolyte imbalances, hypothyroidism, and cancer.
- Surgery: People who undergo surgeries, especially those involving the central nervous system or general anesthesia, may be at risk of developing confusional syndrome.
- Medicines: Some medications, such as sedatives, tranquilizers, antidepressants, antihistamines, and pain control medications, may increase the risk of developing delirium, especially at high doses or when several medications are combined.
- Substance withdrawal: Sudden stopping or drastically reducing certain substances, such as alcohol, sedatives, or narcotics, can trigger symptoms of delirium.
- Stress and trauma: Severe stress or physical or emotional trauma, such as a serious injury, traumatic surgery, or the loss of a loved one, can increase the risk of developing delirium.
- Environmental factors: Changes in the environment, such as prolonged hospitalization, lack of sleep, lack of orientation, or the presence of multiple sensory stimuli, can contribute to the development of confusional syndrome.
Diagnosis and treatment of confusional syndrome
The diagnosis of confusional syndrome is generally based on the symptoms that the patient presents. The doctor will perform a thorough clinical evaluation to rule out other medical conditions that may be causing the symptoms. Additional tests, such as blood tests and brain imaging studies, may also be done to rule out underlying causes, such as infections, nutritional deficiencies, or structural problems in the brain.
Once the diagnosis of delirium has been made, treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and controlling symptoms. Depending on the identified cause, different therapeutic approaches can be used. Some common treatment options include:
- Treatment of the underlying cause: If confusional syndrome is due to an infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat it. If there is a nutritional deficiency, vitamin or mineral supplements may be given. It is important to identify and treat the underlying cause to help relieve symptoms.
- Managing triggers: Factors such as lack of sleep, stress, changes in the environment, or medications can trigger or worsen symptoms of delirium. Identifying and managing these triggers can be helpful in reducing confusion and improving mental clarity.
- Support and care: During the episode of confusional syndrome, it is important to provide a safe and calm environment for the patient. Emotional support and constant guidance can help reduce anxiety and confusion. Additionally, ensuring that the patient is well hydrated and adequately fed is essential for recovery.
- Medicines: In some cases, medications may be prescribed to control the symptoms of delirium. These medications may include antipsychotics, sedatives, or medications to treat underlying conditions such as Parkinson’s disease or dementia.
Do not confuse confusional syndrome with cognitive impairment or dementia
It is important to note that confusional syndrome is not the same as cognitive impairment or dementia. Although the symptoms may be similar, the main difference is that confusional syndrome is generally temporary and reversible, while cognitive impairment and dementia are usually progressive and permanent.
So now you know, if you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms of confusion, it is essential to seek medical help for proper diagnosis and treatment.
